![]() The extent to which these disorders are consequences of COPD, smoking, and the accompanying systemic inflammation is unclear. Prolonged reflux may lead to esophagitis, stricture, and rarely metaplasia. read more, lung cancer Overview of Lung Tumors Lung tumors may be Primary Metastatic from other sites in the body Primary tumors of the lung may be Malignant (see table ) read more and other cancers, muscle atrophy, and gastroesophageal reflux Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter allows reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, causing burning pain. Clinical presentations include silent ischemia, angina pectoris, acute. read more, coronary artery disease Overview of Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease (CAD) involves impairment of blood flow through the coronary arteries, most commonly by atheromas. read more, anxiety Overview of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent and excessive fear and anxiety and the dysfunctional behavioral changes a patient may use to mitigate these feelings. read more, depression Depressive Disorders Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness severe enough or persistent enough to interfere with function and often by decreased interest or pleasure in activities. Other coexisting or complicating disorders that adversely affect quality of life and/or survival include osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease that decreases bone mineral density (bone mass per unit volume), with deterioration of bone structure. There is no evidence, however, that long-term use of antibiotics slows the progression of COPD. Repeated bouts of infection increase the inflammatory burden that hastens disease progression. Smoking and airflow obstruction may lead to impaired mucus clearance in lower airways, which predisposes to infection. read more or other gram-negative bacteria is common. In more severely affected patients (eg, those with previous hospitalizations), colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas and Related Infections Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other members of this group of gram-negative bacilli are opportunistic pathogens that frequently cause hospital-acquired infections, particularly in ventilator. read more, colonize the lower airways of about 30% of patients with COPD. ![]() Epidemiology referencesīacteria, especially Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus Infections The gram-negative bacteria Haemophilus species cause numerous mild and serious infections, including bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, cellulitis, and epiglottitis. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and various occupational. In addition, it is speculated that hospitalizations were reduced during the pandemic because patients with medical emergencies, such as an acute exacerbation of COPD, avoided the emergency department out of fear of contracting COVID-19 ( 4 Epidemiology references Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke. The reasons for this are unclear but are thought to reflect the reduction in exposure to other viral infections as a result of increased respiratory infection precautions ( 3 Epidemiology references Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke. ![]() Overall, however, COVID-19 has been associated with world-wide reduction in COPD hospitalizations ( 3 Epidemiology references Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke. Hospitalization rates were twice as great for COPD patients with COVID-19 compared to those without COPD. ![]() The mortality rate for patients with COPD and COVID-19 was 15% versus 4% in those without COPD ( 2 Epidemiology references Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a particular risk to patients with COPD.
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